Romeo And Juliet- Fate Essay example -- essays research papers

The events of Romeo and Juliet are heavily influenced by fate, as oppose to the actions of the characters. To be precise, occurrences in the play are not always as a result of conscience choices that characters make. Rather, chance occurrences (or predestination, depending on one’s opinion) cause events to take place; these events seriously alter the course of the play. Fate affects us all every single day, but the sheer number of occurrences related to fate, as well as the powerful affect these events have on the plot creates a specific connection between the play of Romeo and Juliet and fate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare makes it very clear to us that Romeo and Juliet are subject to fate. Before the play even begins, Shakespeare outlines the play for us in the prologue. The prologue summarizes the plot, this seems odd, but this was because Shakespeare’s audience was already familiar with the story and the play was a portrayal of the well-known story. Importantly, Shakespeare establishes immediately within the prologue that Romeo and Juliet’s plot includes heavy elements of fate. â€Å"A pair of star-crossed take their life.† (Shakespeare, Act 1 Prologue L.6) Shakespeare refers to Romeo and Juliet as â€Å"star-crossed†, referring to the belief of predestination (fate) and its connection with the constellations. Additionally, the prologue indicates a second time that the plot is influenced by fate; â€Å"The fearful passage of their death-marked love.† (Act 1 Prologue L.9) The love of Romeo and Juliet is â€Å"death-marked†, mea ning that it is destined to result in death. This evidence suggests that the tragedy occurs as a result of predestination instead of chance, but nonetheless, this is fate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fate has such a large roll in Romeo and Juliet that it influences not only the overall story, but also nearly every character in the play. Romeo is affected greatly by fate, arguably more so than any other character. Instances of Romeo being affected by fate abound in the play, from initial coincidences all the way up to his final dramatically ironic death. Romeo’s involvement with Juliet in the first place is based on fate. â€Å"God gi’ go-den. I pray, sir, can you read?† (Act 1 Sc.2 L.58) The illiterate servant that Romeo stumbles upon gives Romeo the opportunity to attend the Capulet party, if this incredibly unusual event had not taken place... ...nd Juliet happened as a result of their sin, â€Å"passion†. This opinion is also a valid interpretation of Shakespeare’s instances of fate in Romeo and Juliet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Encyclopedia Britannica’s section on Shakespeare comments on this issue, backing up one of the opinions, â€Å"There has been some debate among modern historians as to Shakespeare’s religious affiliation, but it is widely accepted that he did not recognize as Calvinist and did not accept predestination. Divine reward and punishment explains Shakespeare’s infatuation with what seems like destiny in his plays. Romeo and Juliet’s tragic demise was due to their transgression, their ‘passion’.† (Encyclopedia Britannica, â€Å"Shakespeare†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However one accepts fate to be taking place in Romeo and Juliet, it is clear that certain events are taking place, and they aren’t as a result of direct conscience decisions by characters. These events of fate have immeasurable affect on the characters and story. Among the lessons of love and hate in this play, this message, that we are not always in control of what happens to us, is very important and relevant.

A Border Passage by Leila Ahmed

Leila Ahmed begins her autobiography, A Border Passage: From Cairo to America A Woman's Journey, â€Å"It was as if there were to life itself a quality of music,† immediately entrenching the spirit of her early life story in the senses, in instinct–the tools that, above all else, enable her and the reader to retrace her steps from curious, observant girl to introspective, self-determined woman.This story, however, is not only about Ahmed's self-discovery as a woman and feminist, but also about the sociopolitical and historical events that took place in Egypt during the 1940s and '50s. As a witness to her country's most dramatic period, from the end of British influence to the birth of Arab nationalism, Ahmed's childhood is permanently shaped by the loss of Egypt's multicultural and tolerant identity.Escaping a country she no longer recognizes, Ahmed is seemingly left with only her father's values of education, her mother's perspective on religion through the oral tradit ion, and the memories of past places and people that rise to the surface like oases by which to navigate a new world. This new world, surprisingly, is not without its own lack of tolerance, an experience that alters her preconceptions of Western civility.Though Ahmed does, at times, disturb the natural and sensual narrative of the work with clinical and academic passages (most are near the end of the novel), she rarely writes from a place of finality or total understanding, giving the impression that her journey as an Egyptian-American, Arab, and modern woman is far from over, if ever.Leila accounts a personal chronicle of her childhood in Egypt, education in England, and teaching in America. Being a competent and fine educator, she tempts with seemingly casual talk; it is only afterwards that it is realized how much she has given and how mesmerizing the voyage has been. She reports a large amount of Egyptian culture, customs, history and sociology.This also includes some background on the idea of â€Å"Arabness,† as well as a sparkling preface to the distinction between the Islam of men and the Islam of women. The portrayals of her grandmother's store will certainly ring the bells of memory with any Western woman who spent time listening to older women in the kitchen at family meetings. (Shereen, 2003)Woman has always been distinctly seen as a creative cause of human life. Traditionally, though, woman has been thought not only rationally subordinate to man but also a key source of appeal and sin. In Greek mythology, for instance, a woman, Pandora, opened the prohibited box and caused epidemics and sorrow to mankind. Ancient Roman law depicted woman as children, forever lower than man.In the East, initially, the behavior for woman was more encouraging. In Early Egypt, for instance, women were privileged by some property rights and personal freedoms after marriage, but obligated submission of women toward men.Wives had to walk behind their husbands. Wome n did not have the right to own property, and widows could not marry again. In East as well as West, male children have a preference over female children.On the other hand, when they were permitted personal and rational freedom, women made important accomplishments. Nuns played an important role in the devout life of Europe during the middle Ages. Aristocratic women benefited from authority and status. Whole eras were effected by women leaders for example, 16th century Queen Elizabeth of England, 18th century Catherine the Great of Russia, and 19th century Queen Victoria of England.Customarily a middle-class girl in Western society was inclined to be educated from her mother's pattern that cleaning, cooking, and caring for children were the deeds expected of her. Tests made in the 1960s proved that the scholastic success of girls was better in the lower classes than in higher education.The key cause given was that the girls' own hope declined as neither their relatives nor their tea chers want them to arrange for a future other than that of matrimony and parenthood. This propensity has been altering in last decades.Proper education for girls traditionally has been less important as compared to that for boys. In colonial America girls have separate schools for girls, where they could get education. They could go to the master's schools for boys if there was any room; this happened generally in summer time when majority of the boys worked.As the 19th century ended, the number of female students had improved significantly. Higher education specifically was widened by the increase of women's educational institutions and the entrance of women to colleges, institutions, and universities. In 1870 an estimated twenty percent of college and university students were females. By the advent of twentieth century the ratio had improved to over one third.By the beginning of the 20th century, 19 percent of all undergraduate college degrees were obtained by women. By the year 1 984 the number had penetratingly improved to 49 percent. The number of graduate students was also increased significantly. By the mid of 1980s women obtained 49 percent of all post-graduate degrees and around 33 percent of doctoral degrees. Women constituted up to 53 percent of all college students in the year 1985.Ahmed concentrates on how historical and political pressures formulate individual identities, specifically those of Arab Muslim women. Here, though, the theme is Ahmed's own individuality as an intellectual; a woman, a Muslim and an aristocracy Egyptian at home in both East and West. In graceful literary style, she narrates her childhood in Cairo, Egypt, her college years at Cambridge and of teaching in America and Abu Dhabi.In Ahmed's shaded depiction, politics are not the background to people's lives but their fashion. The internalization of colonial conducts, the 1952 revolt and Arab nationalism, persuade of Zionism, class issues, and the political affairs of gender fu nctions are embedded into her life and her near one. Most emotional is the conversion of Ahmed's contempt for her â€Å"traditional† Arabic-speaking mother, who spends her life with female relatives, into a consideration of how these women made logic of their lives.Certainly, all through this runny chronicle, she offensively refines the terms by which men â€Å"Western and Arab† have defined women through her own cross-cultural judgments of women's communities, as when she explains the Girton College (at Cambridge) for women as a ‘harem’ â€Å"the harem as I had lived it, the harem of older women presiding over the young.† (Ahmed, pg. 183)A Border Passage is not a usual memoir. It has many factors of an autobiography, but it is also a collection of well rational essays on some of the most complicated phases of the Egyptian history and culture.

U.S. President Mckinley Assassinated

On September 6, 1901, anarchist Leon Czolgosz walked up to U.S. President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in New York and shot McKinley at point-blank range. After the shooting, it first appeared that President McKinley was getting better; however, he soon took a turn for the worse and died on September 14 from gangrene. The daylight assassination attempt horrified millions of Americans. Greeting People at the Pan-American Exposition On September 6, 1901, U.S. President William McKinley spent the morning visiting Niagara Falls with his wife before returning to the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York in the afternoon to spend a few minutes greeting the public. By about 3:30 p.m., President McKinley stood inside the Temple of Music building at the Exposition, ready to begin shaking the hands of the public as they streamed into the building. Many had been waiting for hours outside in the heat for their chance to meet the President. Unbeknownst to the President and the many guards who stood nearby, among those waiting outside was 28-year-old anarchist Leon Czolgosz who was planning to kill President McKinley. At 4 p.m. the doors to the building were opened and the mass of people waiting outside were forced into a single line as they entered the Temple of Music building. The line of people thus came up to the President in an organized fashion, with just enough time to whisper a Nice to meet you, Mr. President, shake President McKinleys hand, and then be forced to continue along the line and out the door again. President McKinley, the 25th president of the United States, was a popular president who had just started his second term in office and the people seemed clearly glad to get a chance to meet him. However, at 4:07 p.m. Leon Czolgosz had made it into the building and it was his turn to greet the President. Two Shots Rang Out In Czolgoszs right hand, he held a .32 caliber Iver-Johnson revolver, which he had covered by wrapping a handkerchief around the gun and his hand. Although Czolgoszs swaddled hand was noticed before he reached the President, many thought it looked like it covered an injury and not that it was hiding a gun. Also, since the day had been hot, many of the visitors to see the President had been carrying handkerchiefs in their hands so that they could wipe the sweat off their faces. When Czolgosz reached the President, President McKinley reached out to shake his left hand (thinking Czolgoszs right hand was injured) while Czolgosz brought up his right hand to President McKinleys chest and then fired two shots. One of the bullets didnt enter the president - some say it bounced off of a button or off the presidents sternum and then got tucked into his clothing. The other bullet, however, entered the presidents abdomen, tearing through his stomach, pancreas, and kidney. Shocked at being shot, President McKinley began to sag as blood stained his white shirt. He then told those around him, Be careful how you tell my wife. Those in line behind Czolgosz and guards in the room all jumped on Czolgosz and started to punch him. Seeing that the mob on Czolgosz might easily and quickly kill him, President McKinley whispered either, Dont let them hurt him or Go easy on him, boys. President McKinley Undergoes Surgery President McKinley was then whisked away in an electric ambulance to the hospital at the Exposition. Unfortunately, the hospital was not properly equipped for such a surgery and the very experienced doctor usually on premises was away doing a surgery in another town. Although several doctors were found, the most experienced doctor that could be found was Dr. Matthew Mann, a gynecologist. The surgery began at 5:20 p.m. During the operation, the doctors searched for the remains of the bullet that had entered the Presidents abdomen, but were unable to locate it. Worried that continued searching would tax the Presidents body too much, the doctors decided to discontinue looking for it and to sew up what they could. The surgery was completed a little before 7 p.m. Gangrene and Death For several days, President McKinley seemed to be getting better. After the shock of the shooting, the nation was excited to hear some good news. However, what the doctors did not realize was that without drainage, an infection had built up inside the President. By September 13 it was obvious the President was dying. At 2:15 a.m. on September 14, 1901, President William McKinley died of gangrene. That afternoon, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as President of the United States. The Execution of Leon Czolgosz After being pummeled right after the shooting, Leon Czolgosz had been arrested and taken to police headquarters before nearly being lynched by the angry crowds that surrounded the Temple of Music. Czolgosz readily admitted that he was the one who had shot the President. In his written confession, Czolgosz stated, I killed President McKinley because I done my duty. I didnt believe one man should have so much service and another man should have none. Czolgosz was brought to trial on September 23, 1901. He was quickly found guilty and sentenced to death. On October 29, 1901, Leon Czolgosz was electrocuted.

The Scarlet Letter Morality And Morality - 1288 Words

In The Scarlet Letter, the perception of sin deviates from person to person. The deviation occurs on the severity of the sin that was committed and who committed the sin. Focusing on Hester and Dimmesdale, it is easy to compare the consequences of coping with the perception of their sins, on a private and a public level. The outcome of dealing with their sin is extremely different. The theme of morality affects Hester and Dimmesdale as well. They have varying levels of morality and this changes during the course of the novel. In terms of the book, The Scarlet Letter, the theme of morality plays a large role in the sequence of events. The question is, who has stronger morals, Hester or Dimmesdale? Hester was the one to reveal the sin, even though it was not her choice. This means that she has stronger morals because she admits to her sin and deals with the outcome of it. In Dimmesdale’s case, he does not reveal his sin, so his morals are weaker than Hester’s. In her arti cle, â€Å"A Critique of Puritan Society†, Alison Easton shares that â€Å"These people’s response is both involuntary and at one level based on a misapprehension of the true state of affairs† (119). The only reason that Dimmesdale was seen as morally stronger was because of his position as a priest. They were manipulated to believe that he was not a sinner at all. At the end of the book, Dimmesdale’s morality increased because of his guilty heart, and because of this, he admits to his sin and dies on the scaffold.Show MoreRelated Morality in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay2124 Words   |  9 PagesMorality in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚   ...pain is in itself an evil; and indeed, without exception, the only evil; or else the words good and evil have no meaning. (Chase 127) In the novel The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne presents a very clear view of his stand on morality, which he carefully cultivates through the course of the story. The moral, which is Be true! applies equally well to all of the characters in the novel. Though his view does seem to stand as true through the lengthRead MoreSummary Of The Scarlet Letter 1329 Words   |  6 PagesMelanie Showers Mrs. Voshell Honors English 10 8 January 2016 Morality in The Scarlet Letter In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne describes many defining instances of different characters’ morality. Some of the characters’ opinions are very different, but the people of the town have a general morality that leads Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale to deal with their sins differently in public, than in private. First, Hester’s morality, is not very defined at the beginning. She seems as though sheRead MoreAdultery Corrupts Society Essay1142 Words   |  5 Pagescorruption of the soul, slowly eroding the morality, and ethics of a society and its people. 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Focusing on Hester and Dimmesdale, it is easy to compare the consequences of coping with the perception of their sins, on a private and a public level. The outcome of dealing with their sin is extremely different. The theme of morality affects Hester and Dimmesdale also. TheyRead MoreJosh Lyon. Mrs. Voshell. Honors English 10. 6 January 2017.979 Words   |  4 PagesJosh Lyon Mrs. Voshell Honors English 10 6 January 2017 Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter Within The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne uses symbolism, â€Å"the use of symbols to represent ideas† (Bell 10), affluently. The amount of symbolism Hawthorne uses could lead some to believe that The Scarlet Letter is in fact an allegory. Nearly every object in Hawthorne’s novel is symbolic. 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Throughout the novel, Roger Chillingworth everlastingly remains misleading as to whether he lies on the side of good or evil. Even at the end of The Scarlet Letter, the knowledge of Roger Chillingworth is extremely nebulous. The mysterious Roger Chillingworth, although ultimately emanating to be evil, attests to be a challenge when determining his morality. Roger ChillingworthRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Blue Neighborhood By Troye Sivan1774 Words   |  8 Pagescharacterization. Nathaniel Hawthorne s development of Pearl, Hester, and Dimmesdale in his novel, The Scarlet Letter, testifies to the complexity of human morality. Pearl serves as a reflection of reality that allows Hester and Dimmesdale to analyze their own morality in relation to the events taking place in their lives. In the first scaffold scene, Hester presses infant-Pearl to her bosom and touches the letter A on her chest â€Å"to assure herself that the infant and the shame were real† (Hawthorne 51). Hawthorne

The Ethics Around Disaster Management - 2017 Words

1. Introduction This paper will examine and discuss the ethics around disaster management, evidence based practice, and public health care in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina that destroyed the wide part of New Orleans in the United States of America. 2. Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina occurred on August 23, 2005, befalling in the course of seven days in Florida, along the Gulf Coast in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama initially killing between 1,300 and 2,000 people and displacing 650,000 residents, (Department of Homeland Security [DHS], 2006, p. 1; Knabb, Rhome, Brown, 2006; U.S. Department of Commerce, 2006 as cited in Lowe Rhodes, 2013, p. 398). The storm’s damage reinforced the previously ignored warnings made years prior for New Orleans and surrounding areas in need of protection from not only category 3 hurricanes, but category 4 hurricanes also, (American RadioWorks, 2002; O’Hanlon, 2002). Furthermore, the response to the disaster has been criticised such as the works of federal, state and local levels of government particularly Congress, the Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], and the Bush administration, (Boaz, 2005; Edwards, 2015). Due to the rapid development of communication and transportation technologies , a fast international response to disasters is made possible and with this comes the opportunity to sort out ethical issues that could occur in disaster relief (Gordijn Have, 2015, p. 1). When ethics is involved in a disasterShow MoreRelatedThe American Red Cross1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Red Cross: Management Analysis Chris Crawford, Amanda Kvedrowicz, Sarah Lawrence, Christine Moaga, Betsy Rush MGT/330 March 1, 2010 Ronald Sprague The American Red Cross: Management Analysis The American Red Cross (2010) website tells of an organization guided by the principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, and voluntary service whose mission is to, â€Å"provide relief to victims of disaster and help people prevent, prepare for, and respond to emergencies†Read MoreEssay on Challenger1108 Words   |  5 Pages On January 26, 1986, one of the greatest disasters of our time occurred. When Challenger was destroyed many questions were asked about the safety of space missions. Many questions were asked about the credibility of the engineers who designed the air craft. 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Liability for Defective Advice from an Expert System Free Essays

Introduction An expert system can be considered to have two major components. First, there is its knowledge base. This is the portion of the system that contains specialized knowledge and expertise about its domain of application. We will write a custom essay sample on Liability for Defective Advice from an Expert System or any similar topic only for you Order Now In commercial law, liability is a form of business ownership in which business owners are legally responsible for no more than the amount that they have contributed to a venture. [1] A contract is an agreement between two or more parties to do, not do, or promise something. Contracts can come in many forms — they can be oral or written, implied or express, and legally enforceable or not. [2] Negligent misstatement relates to a representation of fact, which is carelessly made, and is relied on by another party to their disadvantage. The harm of Negligent Misstatements A false statement of fact made honestly but carelessly. A statement of opinion may be treated as a statement of fact if it carries the implication that the person making it has reasonable grounds for his opinion. However, a negligent misstatement is only actionable in tort if there has been breach of a duty to take care in making the statement that has caused damage to the claimant. There is no general duty of care in making statements, particularly in relation to statements on financial matters. Responsibility for negligent misstatements is imposed only if they were made in circumstances that made it reasonable to rely on them (Hedley Byrne v Heller Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465 (HL); Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 (HL)). If a negligent misstatement induces the person to whom it was made to enter into a contract with the maker of the statement, the statement may be actionable as a term of the contract if the parties intended it to be a term or it may give rise to dama ges or rescission under the Misrepresentation Act 1967. [3] It has long been recognized that liability in Tort might arise from negligent actions, but liability for negligent misstatements and negligent advice has been less well accepted by the courts. A negligent misstatement might be defined as a representation of fact, carelessly made, which is relied on by the claimant to his disadvantage. Where the misstatement or advice is Fraudulent, this is a different matter; such misstatements may amount to the tort of deceit. In derry v peek 1888, the house of lords held that Dishonesty was an essential element of deceit, and that mere carelessness would never suffice. This judgement was taken, perhaps wrongly, to indicate that there could be no liability in tort for negligent statements; but since this judgement predated the seminal donoghue v stevenson 1932, there was no well-developed law of negligence at the time. Consequently, it is not entirely surprising that this conclusion was reached. [4] Especially where physical damage is involved, cour ts may disregard a contract in which a customer expressly assumes the risk of the supplier’s negligence. Negligence, when proven, can thus surmount almost any legal obstacle the suppliers erect. As courts and legislatures become less tolerant of negligent corporate behaviour, any business that is judged negligent will likely pay for actual damages, possibly be assessed punitive damages, and may even face regulatory or criminal proceedings. Therefore, the only secure protection is not to be negligent. Defence of the Liability Products liability involves the defence of manufacturers and sellers of allegedly defective products. I defend companies who are sued by injured plaintiffs due to alleged defects in the design or manufacture of a product. Generally, the injured parties claim that additional safety features should have been included or that a necessary part was improperly manufactured or installed on a product. [5] When a products liability claim is filed, we will work with you to prepare an intelligent, vigorous and strategically aggressive defence. We will obtain the information and documentation necessary to effectively evaluate the merits of the claim and promptly analyze the strengths and weaknesses of your adversary’s case and of your own. We will analyze insurance coverage issues and prepare and prosecute, to trial if necessary, insurance claims for any coverage you may have. [6] Not only can making a claim secure the compensation you deserve and help recover the costs of any treatment, but it can also help draw attention to the negligent manufacturer or retailer. By doing so, you may be able to prevent others from having to endure a similar experience. Where there are several incidents of personal injury related to a particular product, the manufacturer should issue a product recall. [7] Manufacturers are responsible for products sold to consumers and the safety of their customers is paramount. You should seek advice if a defective product has caused you personal injury as you may be entitled to claim compensation. The Consumer Protection Act 1987 makes manufacturers or importers of products into the EU strictly liable for personal injury caused as a consequence of any product defect. [8] For a claim based on tort law, the claimant will need to show that the defendant was negligent and in breach of its duty to take reasonable care in relation to the product. The claimant will also need to overcome other assertions by the defendant, for example that the defect in question was unforeseeable. [9] The harm of defection There are broadly speaking two approaches which could be adopted to the issue of â€Å"defectiveness†. On one view it could be said that a product is defective when it does not live up to the expectations of consumers. On the other hand a product could be said to be defective when the product is in a condition which is unreasonably dangerous to persons or to their property. The 1987 Act appears to be closer to the tort standard than the contract standard. The safety of the product is not such as persons generally are entitled to expect; and for those purposes â€Å"safety†, in relation to a product, shall include safety with respects to products comprised in that product and safety in the context of risks of damage to property, as well as in the context of risks of death or personal injury. [10] Third Parties Third-party liability insurance protects the insured from legal liability claims presented by third parties. It can be difficult to determine who party to a contract is when it is a three way relationship. For instance, there is a legal contract between International Water Service and Pennine Water. There is also a legal contract between Pennine Water and its customers. The three or more roles in the contract are different from two roles in the contract. In this case, there is no legal contract between International Water Service and the customers of Pennine Water. The case that relate to third parties is The Salvage Association v CAP Financial Services Ltd [1995]. The more important factor that I must pay attention is ‘reasonable care and skill’ in this case. For example, if we will develop this system, we must supply some compilers who have sufficient experience in the skill. If we send some no-sufficient compilers, IWS has the liability when the system is defective. S o the supplier, if acting in the course of a business, will carry out the service with: ‘reasonable care and skill’. There is another important aspect in third parties. It is Privity of Contract. Privity of Contract is a doctrine of contract law that prevents any person from seeking the enforcement of a contract, or suing on its terms, unless they are a party to that contract. Suppose there are a customer, an agent and a manufacturer. There is a subcontract between agent and manufacturer. Moreover, there is a contract between agent and customer. So we can give a definition to privity of contract. Privity refers to a connection or bond between parties to a particular transaction. Privity of contract is the relationship that exists between two or more parties to an agreement. Privity of estate exists between a lessor and a lessee, and privity of possession is the relationship between parties in successive possession of real property. References [1] Legal liability http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_liability [2] What is a contract http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-contract.htm [3] Negligent misstatement http://law.jrank.org/pages/16397/negligent-misstatement-(negligent-misrepresentation-careless-statement).html [4] Negligent misstatement http://www.lawiki.org/lawwiki/Negligent_misstatement [5] Practice Insights: Products Liability Law http://legalcareers.about.com/od/legalspecialties/a/productsliab.htm [6] Products Liability Law http://www.floridalawyer.com/services-products.html [7] Making a Defective Product Claim http://www.national-accident-helpline.co.uk/accident-claims/defective-product-claims.html?s=googlegclid=CKOEzujgrKgCFUdP4QodK1f9HQ [8] Defective Products Liability Claim http://www.firstpersonalinjury.co.uk/our-specialities/defective-products-and-product-liability-claims [9] What is product liability? http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/accidents_and_injuries/defective_and_dangerous_products/500054.html [10] Insite Law http://www.insitelawmagazine.com/ch11productlaibility.htm [11] David Bainbridge ‘Introduction to Information Technology Law’ (2008) Appendices Donoghue v Stevenson On 26 August 1928, Donoghue cost 30 minutes to Paisley by a tram. At about 8:50 pm, she was in the Wellmeadow Cafe with her friend. Her friend ordered and paid for a pear, ice and an ice-cream drink. The owner uses a tumbler to contain ginger beer and ice cream. Donoghue drank some and her friends lifted the bottle to pour the remainder of the bottle. Then, they found there is a snail which was in a state of decomposition dropped out of the bottle into the tumbler. Donoghue complained soon and her doctor diagnosed her as having gastroenteritis and being in a state of severe shock. On 9 April 1929, Donoghue brought an action against David Stevenson who is the water manufacturer in Paisley. Donoghue claimed 500 pounds as damages for injuries sustained. Caparo Industries plc v Dickman A company called Fidelity plc, which is a manufactures of electrical equipments, was the target of a takeover by Caparo Industries plc. Fidelity did not run well. In March 1984 Fidelity had issued a profit warning, which had halved its share price. In June 1984, the annual accounts were done with the help of the accountant Dickman. Caparo found that Fidenlity’s accounts were in an even worse state than had been revealed by the directors or the auditors. Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd Hedley Byrne was a firm of advertising agents. Easipower Ltd is a customer who put in a large order. Hedley wanted to check the information, which includes financial position and credit-worthiness. Heller Partners Ltd replied in a letter that was headed, â€Å"without responsibility on the part of this bank†. Easipower said that consider good for its ordinary business engagements. Derry v peek (1888) The defendant tram company advertised in its prospectus that it would employ steam power, and intimated that it had the authority of the Board of Trade to do so. In the end, the Board refused consent to steam power, and the company was wound up. The claimant investor brought an action in the tort of deceit, which ultimately failed in the HouseOfLords. While there was no doubt that the defendants’ claim was unfounded, the House held that deceit required actual Dishonesty — Negligence, however culpable was not enough. How to cite Liability for Defective Advice from an Expert System, Essay examples

Commercialization of Organ Transplants free essay sample

I’ve recently done research regarding the commercialization of Organ Transplants. I’ve found many arguments for and against this subject. Some individuals find the act to be unethical, and other’s think it will save lives. The problem is that a new policy was proposed to allow sale of organs by consenting individuals to patients in need and to medical institutions. When it comes to the subject of human organs, there are a few ethical standards to consider. There are religious standards, social norms, ethical code, morals, and policies in which we should follow. Critics argue that permitting organs to be bought and sold is unethical. Meaning that to commercialize organs transplants would violate an ethical code and social norm. During my research I’ve found many pros and cons concerning the commercialization of Organ Transplants. One of the pros would be that it shortens the waiting time for those in need of transplants. We will write a custom essay sample on Commercialization of Organ Transplants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, if you have been on a waiting list to receive a kidney and there are more donated organs you will receive one quicker to save your life. Another pro for commercializing organ transplants are an individual’s rights to have the freedom to do what they wish with their body organs. Some people might equate this example to abortion stating that the government shouldn’t be able to tell you what to do with your body. During NOTA (National Organ Transplant) act of 1984 â€Å"one commentator has argued that the very existence of a law forbidding alienation of organs paradoxically portrays the human body as an article of commerce that lies within the purview of Congressional power and would otherwise be subject to sale on the market. (Gwen, Mayes) There are some more pros to these organ transplants such as money incentives for those in financial strain, and tax benefits for the government. Anything that can be sold on the black market, would be more beneficial if made legal and taxed. Despite all of the pros there are some cons that have dire consequences. By commercializing organ transplants some ethical codes are violated. Apart from the fact that selling these organs would be against federal law because it was banned by congress. Also, despite the fact that this goes against public policy we have to evaluate the ethical wrongs. Many religions have certain beliefs about the body being the â€Å"temple of the lord† and not defiling that temple. So, to commit such an act would violate their traditions. For example, the Jews believe in being buried with all of their body parts. Also, critics argue that to allow commercialization of these organs will encourage criminal behavior. In our society there are criminal acts made because of financial struggles i. e. ; prostitution, and human trafficking. I think we all can agree that selling human organs and thinking of them as a commodity violates the social norm. There may seem to be more pros than cons when it comes to commercializing organ transplants but I’m against it. It doesn’t matter if an action only hurt’s a few people the fact remains that it’s unethical. Society needs to evaluate the moral principle in this situation. We can’t allow human organs to be sold as commodities for money, personal gain, or just because we can do what we want with our bodies. For example, suicide is illegal because it’s immoral even if it is your body. Also, you can be locked up or discharged from the military for causing yourself bodily harm and this isn’t much different. By donating your organs you can risk sickness, and even death. Also, if one person donates an organ and the other organ gives out this will pose another health problem. We shouldn’t agree with anything that violates any moral standards, or that would promote unethical behavior. For example, it’s not ethical to commit murder in order to save a friends life. Well, then it’s not okay to put other people at a health risk to save another patients life on a waiting list. Also, this policy would make the commercialization of organ transplants worldwide which can cause health issues. These transplants can bring diseases to people who are in need of just an organ which will make them sicker. â€Å"According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2005 93,000 kidney, liver, and heart transplants were performed globally. There is evidence that the medical practices surrounding commercial organ transplantation are sub-standard. Medical complications are common, as is the transmission of infectious diseases, including HIV and hepatitis B and C. † (R. W. , Evans) Some argue that this won’t happen if we regulate transplantation. For example, policies should be made to run tests on donors and make sure their organs are healthy before accepting. However, this will not fully eradicate the disease problem because a criminal market will be produced after rejection of unhealthy organs. They will not have the technology a hospital has to perform these tests and will accept any donor. Also, criminals have hired doctors in the past who have lost their license but have the knowledge of doing these transplants that will infect others. I’m sure these black market organs will be sold at a lower price as well. I believe there are other ethical ways in which we can fix medical issues in this country and financial issues without violating any standards. For example, stem cell research and medical projects are trying to find ways to reproduce organs in order to shorten waiting lists. â€Å"A growing number of patients are waiting for an organ transplant, and alternatives to increase the donor supply are in constant demand. However, simply stated, advances in biotechnology have generated uses and needs for bodily tissues that were unfathomable until recent years. † (Gwen Mayes) Although people may debate why the government does allow these labs to research using cells? Not all of them are using human cells. Biotechnologist have used animal tissue with a mixture of human cells to grow organs. These practices are claimed to be much safer and made in a controlled environment and don’t have many risks. Unlike, the commercialization of Organ Transplants that can’t be regulated at all times and has more risks. In my conclusion, by following the law banning the commercialization of organs you will be ethically and morally right in this situation. Morals must be kept in place to separate right from wrong. I believe behaving unmoral for money breaks society down to a bunch heartless robots or criminals. It is our moral responsibility to make sure our actions don’t harm anyone. The needs of the greater do not outweigh the needs of the few. Morals are the backbone and the core of society. The normative theory that best supports my arguments is Kant’s theory. Kant believed in inviolable morals such as the good will, the notion of duty, and the nature of imperatives. According to Kant, â€Å"The Good Will is good by virtue of the fact that it is the will to follow the Moral Law. (Immanuel, Kant) For example, the law concerning the commercialization of organ transplants are illegal and if you follow this law you are doing the good will. To make decisions based on an ethical code is our sense of duty. We must consider to do good rather than to do the wrong we see every day. We don’t sell humans and we shouldn’t see their parts. If Kant were here he would look at his as making humans a means to an end. Meaning we are such an unethical society that we commercialize human organs for money and it’s wrong. It is obvious, that the risks of these transplants are higher than the advantages and we should leave this practice banned. References: